According to a new research published yesterday in the journal Nature Food, out of 186 countries worldwide, only Guyana can fully meet its demand in all seven major food categories. This means Guyana is the only country in the world that is fully self-sufficient in food.
Background and Purpose of the Research
Global food security has become an increasing concern for the world. Due to many reasons like the COVID-19 pandemic, the Russia-Ukraine conflict, climate change, and disruptions in logistics, many countries have become dependent on food imports. In this situation, the importance of self-sufficiency in the global food system has come to the forefront.
Researchers from the University of Göttingen in Germany and the University of Edinburgh in the United Kingdom analyzed food production and nutrition needs of 186 countries using the 'Livewell Diet' model. They considered seven main food categories:
- Fruits
- Vegetables
- Fish
- Meat
- Dairy products
- Plant-based protein
- Sources of carbohydrates
Each country’s level of self-sufficiency was measured by comparing its own production and population nutrition needs in these categories.
Reasons Behind Guyana's Success
Guyana, located on the northeast coast of South America, has a population of just over 800,000 people. Due to its natural environment and economic policies, it has achieved food self-sufficiency:
- Fertile soil and favorable climate: High rainfall, warm humidity, and fertile land help in crop production. River distribution and irrigation technology have also contributed to growth.
- Appropriate agricultural policies and investments: The government provides loans, seeds, and fertilizers to farmers. Modern farming methods like soil testing, planting techniques, and pest control have increased productivity.
- Stable population growth: The relatively slow population growth has made balancing food production and demand easier. Population control and food storage policies have also helped.
- Local demand-oriented farming: Government and private farms produce according to local market demand, reducing import dependence and supplying nutritious food domestically.
Self-Sufficiency Situation in Other Countries
Except for Guyana, no other country is fully self-sufficient in all seven categories. China and Vietnam come closest, being nearly self-sufficient in six categories. The study found:
- 24% of countries produce enough vegetables.
- Only 20% of countries are successful in plant-based protein and carbohydrate sources.
- 65% of countries produce sufficient meat and dairy but lack enough cereals and plant protein.
Smaller island nations, countries in the Arabian Peninsula, and low-income countries tend to rely heavily on food imports compared to developed countries in Europe and South America.
Most Vulnerable Countries
The research highlights several countries that are not self-sufficient in any major food category, including:
- Afghanistan
- United Arab Emirates
- Iraq
- Macau
- Qatar
- Yemen
These countries are especially vulnerable to global supply chain shocks like wars, droughts, or export bans.
Comments from the Researcher
Dr. Jonas Stehle, lead author from the University of Göttingen, said:
“Not being fully self-sufficient does not always mean a country is at a disadvantage; often, a country’s climate and geography are not suitable for food production. In such cases, importing food from efficient producers can be more practical. However, high import dependence increases risks during global crises.”
He also added,
“The rise of nationalist politics and the desire to reduce foreign dependency has increased the importance of food self-sufficiency. Still, a more united global food supply system must be developed.”
Social and Policy Importance
Ensuring food self-sufficiency is not only about political security but also about public health and economic stability. Proper policies are needed to reduce malnutrition-related diseases, prevent food wastage, and ensure fair food prices.
Through international cooperation, technology exchange, and sustainable farming practices, humanity can better face challenges from climate change and global crises.